之前我有提過美國實施了好幾個月的遠距課程，但最終學校還是希望大家能重返正常校園生活，所以多所大學已表示要強制實施疫苗計畫。
目前已有康乃爾大學(Cornell University)、羅格斯大學(Rutgers University)、杜克大學(Duke University)、布朗大學(Brown University)、東北大學(Northeastern University)、聖母大學(University of Notre Dame)與雪城大學(Syracuse University)等校，陸續宣布學生必須在秋季開學第一天之前完成疫苗接種。同樣的，史丹佛大學（Stanford University）也在四月底宣布所有1.9萬名學生必須在秋季開學前完成疫苗接種。
昨天，麻省理工學院 (MIT ) 也跟進，規定學生必須在 7/30 日之打完 COVID 疫苗 (有信仰或健康因素除外)。目前已超過200所學校強制規定，而數量正在增加中。
不過，家長之間仍對疫苗的安全性存疑。
從法律角度來看學校是否有權強制要求學生打疫苗？
其實大學過去一直有要求學生打疫苗的規定，在過去早有先例。例如 : 加州大學(University of California)，可要求學生施打流感疫苗。不只大學，國中小的學生也要有接種兒童疫苗 (包括麻疹、腮腺炎、百日咳及水痘….)才能去學校。
但是這次的 COVID 疫苗，大學之間看法不一。有些學校說這是硬性規定，有些則較有彈性，把打疫苗的決定權留給學生。例如：維吉尼亞理工學院(Virginia Tech)大學就特別指出，FDA目前只核准疫苗的緊急使用授權，尚未全面授權，因此在現階段學校無權強迫學生打疫苗，如果疫苗之後得到FDA全面授權，而聯邦政府也要求要接種疫苗的話，才會強制規定。紐約大學 (NYU)則是鼓勵所有符合接種條件的學生，尤其是國際生，立即接種所在國家/地區批准的疫苗。如果學生在到校前因為疫苗取得不易而無法接種疫苗，有可能將可以在NYU校區接種。
我想先跟大家分享美國校方內部目前的情況吧，
其實許多大學早已開始要求教職人員做 COVID 的檢測，有的一星期一次，頻率高的有到一星期兩次。原本估計等到大量學生秋季返校時，校方也有意以這樣的頻率檢測學生。但是，長久下來這是勞民傷財的事情。目前使用的 screening kit，有的費用高達美金 100元，這還不包括醫療人員的執行費用。雖說有較便宜新型的自我檢測劑可以使用，但是準確度還有待觀察。
所以不難想像大學希望透過 COVID 疫苗讓校園達到群體免疫(herd immunity)目標，好讓教室、宿舍的防疫規定得以鬆綁。
當然，如果你有特殊的教信仰或健康因素不能施打疫苗，校方也願意通融。
以下是美國目前各州規定要打 COVID 疫苗的大學名單：
CALIFORNIA: California Institute of Technology, California State University (with FDA approval: Bakersfield, Channel Islands, Chico, Dominguez, East Bay, Fresno, Fullerton, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Maritime Academy, Monterey Bay, Northridge, Polytechnic University at Pomona, Sacremento, San Bernardino, San Luis Obispo, San Marcos, Stanislaus), Chapman University, Claremont McKenna College, Dominican University of California, Harvey Mudd College, Humboldt State University, Loyola Marymount University, Menlo College, Occidental College, Pitzer College, Pomona College, Samuel Merritt University, Santa Clara University, Scripps College, Southwestern College, Stanford University, University of California system (with FDA approval: Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, Merced, Riverside, San Diego, San Francisco, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz, ), University of San Diego, University of Southern California
COLORADO: Colorado College, Colorado State University system (must have FDA approval, Fort Collins, Pueblo), Fort Lewis College, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Regis University, University of Denver, University of Colorado (Anschutz Medical Campus, Boulder, Denver, Colorado Springs), University of Northern Colorado
CONNECTICUT: Trinity College, Wesleyan University, Yale University
DELAWARE: University of Delaware, Delaware State University
GEORGIA: Clark Atlanta University, Emmanuel College, Emory University, Morehouse College, Spelman College
ILLINOIS: Columbia College, DePaul University, Loyola University Chicago, Roosevelt University
INDIANA: DePauw University, Holy Cross College, St. Mary’s College, University of Notre Dame, Valparaiso University
IOWA: Grinnell College
KENTUCKY: Barea College
MAINE: Bowdoin College, College of the Atlantic
MARYLAND: Bowie State University, Coppin State University, Frostburg State University, Johns Hopkins University, Morgan State University, Mount St. Mary’s University, Salisbury University, Towson University, University of Baltimore, University of Maryland (College Park, Baltimore, Baltimore County, Global Campus, Eastern Shore, Center for Environmental Science)
MASSACHUSETTS: Amherst College, Anna Maria College, Assumption University, Berklee College of Music, Boston College, Boston University, Brandeis University, Bridgewater State University, College of the Holy Cross, Curry College, Emerson College, Evergreen State College, Fitchburg State University, Framingham State University, Hampshire College, Harvard University, Lasell University, Lesely University, Massachusetts College of Art & Design, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, MIT, Massachusetts Maritime Academy, Mount Holyoke University, Northeastern University, Salem State University, Simmons University, Smith College, Springfield College, Suffolk University, Tufts University, University of Massachusetts (Amherst, Boston, Dartmouth, Lowell), Westfield State University, Wheaton College, William James College, Williams College, Worcester State University
MICHIGAN: Kalamazoo College, Lawrence Technological University, Oakland University, University of Michigan
MINNESOTA: Carleton College, Macalester College
MISSOURI: Culver Stockton College, Washington University
NEVADA: Touro University Nevada
NEW HAMPSHIRE: Dartmouth College, Southern New Hampshire University
NEW JERSEY: Drew University, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Kean University, Montclair State University, Mount St. Mary’s University, New Jersey City University, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Princeton University, Rider University, Rowan University, Rutgers University, Stevens Institute of Technology, Stockton University
NEW YORK: Alfred University, Barnard College, Cazenovia College, Colgate University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Five Towns College, Fordham University, Hamilton College, Ithaca College, Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Le Moyne College, Manhattanville College, New York University, Pace University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Rochester Institute of Technology, Sarah Lawrence College, , St. John’s University, Syracuse University, The New School, Union College, University of Rochester, Vassar College.
City University of New York (Baruch College, Borough of Manhattan CC, Bronx CC, Brooklyn College, College of Staten Island, Newmark Graduate School of Journalism, Graduate Center, Graduate School of Public Health and Policy, School of Labor and Urban Studies, School of Law, School of Professional Studies, Guttman CC, Hostos CC, Hunter College, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Kingsborough CC, LaGuardia CC, Lehman College, Macaulay Honors College, Medgar Evers College, New York City College of Technology, Queens College, Queensborough Community College, City College of New York, York College).
State University of New York (Adirondack, University at Albany, Alfred University, Alfred State University, Binghamton University, Bockport, Broome, University at Buffalo, Buffalo State, Canton, Cayuga CC, Clinton CC, Cobleskill, Columbia Greene CC, Cornell University (NY State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Human Ecology, School of Industrial and Labor Relations and College of Veterinary Medicine), Corning, Cortland, Delhi, Downstate, Dutchess CC, Empire, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Erie, Farmingdale State College, Fashion Institute of Technology, Finger Lakes CC, Fredonia, Fulton-Montgomery CC, Genesee CC, Geneseo, Herkimer, Hudson Valley CC, Jamestown CC, Jefferson, Maritime College, Mohawk Valley CC, New Paltz, Niagara County CC, North Country CC, Old Westbury, Oneonta, Onondaga, College of Optometry, Orange, Oswego, Plattsburgh, Potsdam, Purchase College, Rockland CC, Schenectady, Stony Brook University, Suffolk County CC, Sullivan, Polytechnic Institute, Tompkins Cortland CC, Ulster, Upstate Medical University, Westchester CC
NORTH CAROLINA: Brevard College, Duke University, Livingstone College, Union Presbysterian Seminary-Charlotte, Wake Forest University
OHIO: Cleveland State University, Kenyon College
OREGON: Lewis & Clark University, Oregon State University, Portland State University, University of Portland, Western Oregon University, Willamette University
PENNSYLVANIA: Bryn Mawr College, Dickinson College, Drexel University, Haverford College, Lehigh University, Muhlenberg University, Swarthmore College, Thomas Jefferson University, University of Pennsylvania, University of the Sciences
RHODE ISLAND: Brown University, Roger Williams University
SOUTH CAROLINA: Wofford College
TENNESSEE: Maryville College
TEXAS: Paul Quinn College, St. Edward’s University
VERMONT: Bennington College, Champlaign College, St. Michael’s College
VIRGINIA: Bridgewater College, Hampton University, Hollins University, Mary Baldwin University, Marymouth University, Union Presbyterian Seminary, Virginia Wesleyan University
WASHINGTON: Central Washington University, Evergreen State College, Pacific Lutheran, Seattle University, University of Washington (Tacoma, Bothell, Seattle), Washington State University, Western Washington University, Whitman College
WASHINGTON, D.C.: American University, George Washington University, Georgetown University, Trinity Washington University
WISCONSIN: Lawrence University
．．．．．而數量正在增加中。
在這裡提醒一下要在秋季入學的學生，雖說有些學校並沒有硬性規定，但另些學校不只要求要接種，並且要打疫苗兩周後
才算是接種完成。
例如 :MIT 的要求為 :
” a person is considered fully vaccinated two weeks after receiving the second dose in a two-dose series (such as Moderna or Pfizer), or two weeks after receiving a single-dose vaccine (such as Johnson & Johnson/Janssen).
即將入學、返校的同學，請盡早確定學校對疫苗的要求，提早做準備。
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